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The U.S. 2002 Farm Bill provides sizeable direct and indirect subsidies to U.S. farmers, which has created increased competition in markets where the United States and Canada compete. Target prices were reintroduced and the overall level of U.S. Government support was increased. Canadian farmers will find it more difficult to compete in grains, oilseeds, and pulses. Government support in Canada for these crops is significantly below U.S. support. Canada and the United States have a significant two-way trade in agricultural products, including beef and pork. The outbreak of Mad Cow Disease in Canada in 2003 clearly illustrates the need for cooperation between the two countries.

Mexico has an economic dynamic mostly associated with low added value sectors; regions of Guerrero and Michoacan highlight at national and even international levels in the agri-food production, however, they present substantial lags in their development and competitiveness. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the innovation policy in the agri-food sector of these regions through its regulations and local policy.

The present work has a qualitative approach through a case study with the treatment of units of analysis (UA), in which innovation policy in the agri-food sector as main UA, whose sources of interpretation have been direct observation and documentary sources such as laws and the guiding instruments of the regional public policy on innovation and the agri-food sector.

This paper identifies severe institutional weaknesses, a lack of incentives and structures for generating certainty and innovation capabilities in the agri-food sector. Both regions have weak and poorly articulated institutions in their innovation policy, with few incentives and scarcely defined property rights tending to increase uncertainty among the actors participating in the agri-food sector, although the economic dynamics of both regions is mostly associated with that sector, therefore, the low development and lack of competitiveness are a direct consequence of a minimum priority of innovation policy.

Our research is useful for the academic sphere by contributing to applied knowledge on the implications of innovation policy at the sectoral level on the development and competitiveness of regions, particularly in an emerging country such as Mexico, allowing to generate bridges gaps between theory and practice.

The main contribution is for policymakers, allowing them to compare and facilitate a better design of regulatory and public policy instruments that enable them to address and enhance economic vocations through innovation for regional development.

The research focuses on a debate at the regional level on the institutional limitations of promoting innovation through public policy. This study approaches economic and political processes having as empirical evidence of two undeveloped Mexican regions that stand out internationally in agri-food production. These regions have sectoral dynamics inserted in global value chains but have not achieved a local articulation, which has negatively affected their competitiveness and development. The cases of Guerrero and Michoacan are examples of regions like many others, which present diverse institutional weaknesses and lack of incentives associated with innovation policy that limit the development and articulation of their territorial capabilities.

The purpose of this article is to analyse the characteristics and determinants of marketing innovation in companies, using the agribusiness sector as a case study due its economic and social importance in Latin America.

Data refer to the VI Innovation Survey undertaken in Chile (2010), based on the OECD guidelines. The authors compare the determinants of innovation in marketing, first among the agribusiness sector and other sectors of the economy, and then comparing their determinants using logistic regressions on other types of innovations in the agribusiness sector.

There are differences in the determinants of marketing innovation between agribusiness and other economic sectors. Also, there are differences in relation to the organisational, process and product innovations in the agribusiness sector.

The results imply the need for further study of marketing innovation and its relationship to other innovations considering different economic sectors and territories.

Business strategies and public programs that promote innovation should consider the differences between types of innovations.

This paper highlights and differentiates the marketing innovation with respect to other types of innovations—a topic not widely developed, especially in the agribusiness sector and in emerging countries.

El propósito de este artículo es analizar las características y determinantes de la innovación de marketing en empresas, tomando como estudio de caso el sector de agronegocios, de importancia económica y social en Latinoamérica.

Los datos corresponden a la VI Encuesta de Innovación de Chile (2010), basada en los lineamientos de la OECD. Se comparan los determinantes de las innovaciones en marketing, primero entre el sector de agronegocios y conjunto de otros sectores de la economía, para luego comparar mediante regresiones logísticas sus determinantes respecto de otros tipos de innovaciones en el sector de agronegocios.

Se establecen diferencias en los determinantes de la innovación en marketing entre el sector de agronegocios y conjunto de otros sectores de la economía, así como respecto de las innovaciones organizacionales, de procesos y productos para el sector de agronegocios.

Los resultados implican la necesidad de profundizar el estudio de la innovación en marketing y sus interrelaciones con otras innovaciones considerando distintos sectores económicos y territorios.

Las estrategias empresariales para fomentar la innovación, así como los programas públicos debieran considerar las diferencias entre tipos de innovaciones.

Este artículo destaca y diferencia la innovación en marketing de otros tipos de innovaciones, que es un tópico con poco desarrollo, especialmente en el sector de agronegocios y en países emergentes.

We present direct econometric tests of the induced innovation hypothesis. We test whether the price of herbicides relative to labor, machinery, and land, as well as research stocks, affects the direction of technological change and long-run substitution of herbicides for labor, machinery, and land, in U.S. agriculture. In the long run, a decrease in the price of herbicides relative to labor induces a strong labor-saving and herbicide-using bias in technological change. Public research induces labor-saving, machinery-saving, land-saving, and herbicide-using biases. Exogenous changes in scientific knowledge and/or spillovers from other sectors are labor and machinery saving and herbicide using.